This article presents, from the perspective of medical anthropology, the problem of folk illnesses in Kaszuby region in northern Poland. It deals with this phenomenon within the context of present-day complementary medicine. The author argues that the web of representations of these illnesses “meaning networks”, which recognise symptoms and etiologies differently than biomedicine, strongly influence therapeutic choices. Such illnesses are still thought as curable only by local traditional specialists as they are within their “areas of competence”. This may be explained by some characteristics of the society under study.