Between 1948 and 2013, the composition of the Israeli population has completely changed due to the arrival of several waves of immigrants. However, the framework of the relationship between religion and the State has remained as it was in 1948 which has caused increased tensions between various categories of Israelis. The interdiction to work on Shabbat and Jewish holidays, the division of education systems according to religious criteria, the power of rabbinic courts in matters of civil status, and, above all, the fact that the young ultra-orthodox are exempted from any military or civil service, are criticized more and more by the Israeli public. This paper explores the present cleavages and the new perspectives after the Knesset elections of January 2013.